Concurrent exercise training potentiates the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor on regulatory systems of blood pressure control in ovariectomized hypertensive rats.

OBJECTIVE: Enalapril has shown satisfactory potential in controlling increased and sustained blood pressure (BP). However, multiple dysregulated mechanisms that interact with each other and are involved in the pathophysiology of arterial hypertension may not be affected, contributing to the remaining cardiovascular risk. Using an exercise training protocol, we investigated whether adding both approaches to arterial hypertension management could promote higher modulation of regulatory mechanisms of BP in postmenopausal rats. METHODS: Spontaneously hypertensive rats were allocated into sedentary (S) and ovariectomized groups: sedentary (OS), sedentary treated with enalapril maleate (OSE) and trained treated with enalapril maleate (OTE). Both the pharmacological and exercise training protocols lasted for 8 weeks. The BP was directly recorded. Inflammation and oxidative stress were evaluated in the cardiac tissue. RESULTS: Although BP reduction was similar between OSE and OTE, trained group showed lower vasopressor systems outflow after sympathetic ganglion blocking by hexamethonium (mean BP) (OTE: -53.7 ±â€Š9.86 vs. OS: -75.7 ±â€Š19.2 mmHg). Bradycardic and tachycardic response were increased in OTE group (-1.4 ±â€Š0.4 and -2.6 ±â€Š0.4 vs. OS: -0.6 ±â€Š0.3 and -1.3 ±â€Š0.4 bpm/mmHg, respectively), as well as BP variability. In addition, the combination of approaches induced an increase in interleukin 10, antioxidant defense (catalase and glutathione peroxidase) and nitrite levels compared with the OS group. CONCLUSION: Despite similar BP, the inclusion of exercise training in antihypertensive drug treatment exacerbates the positive adaptations induced by enalapril alone on autonomic, inflammatory and oxidative stress profiles, probably affecting end-organ damage and remaining risk.

Parental fructose consumption induces early baroreflex dysfunction in offspring: impact on arterial pressure and on insulin resistance.

Fructose overconsumption is a worldwide trend, and it has been found to cause metabolic disorders in parents and their offspring. Additionally, metabolic syndrome has been closely associated with increased cardiovascular risk. In this study, we hypothesized that the chronic fructose consumption by parents could trigger autonomic dysfunction and cardiometabolic disorders in their offspring. Wistar rats undergo an intake of 10% of fructose in drinking water or regular water for 60 days before mating. Their offspring, control (C) and fructose (F) groups, were evaluated 30 days after weaning. Lower birth weight, increased levels of blood triglycerides and insulin resistance were observed in F compared to C group. The offspring of the fructose parents showed increased mean arterial pressure (C: 104 ± 1 vs. F: 111 ± 2 mmHg) and baroreflex sensitivity impairment, characterized by reduced bradycardic (C: -1.6 ± 0.06 vs. F: -1.3 ± 0.06 bpm/mmHg) and tachycardic responses (C: -4.0 ± 0.1 vs. F: -3.1 ± 0.2 bpm/mmHg). Finally, a higher baroreflex-induced tachycardia was associated with lower insulin tolerance (r = -0.55, P < 0.03) and higher systolic arterial pressure (r = 0.54, P < 0.02). In conclusion, our findings indicate that the excessive consumption of fructose by parents is associated with early autonomic, cardiovascular, and metabolic derangement in the offspring, favoring an increased cardiometabolic risk when they reach adulthood.

Concurrent exercise training induces additional benefits to hydrochlorothiazide: Evidence for an improvement of autonomic control and oxidative stress in a model of hypertension and postmenopause.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate whether exercise training could contribute to a better modulation of the neurohumoral mechanisms linked to the pathophysiology of arterial hypertension (AH) in postmenopausal hypertensive rats treated with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). METHODS: Female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) (150-200g, 90 days old) were distributed into 5 hypertensive groups (n = 7-8 rats/group): control (C), ovariectomized (O), ovariectomized treated with HCTZ (OH), ovariectomized submitted to exercise training (OT) and ovariectomized submitted to exercise training and treated with HCTZ (OTH). Ovarian hormone deprivation was performed through bilateral ovariectomy. HCTZ (30mg/kg/day) and concurrent exercise training (3d/wk) were conducted lasted 8 weeks. Arterial pressure (AP) was directly recorded. Cardiac effort was evaluated using the rate-pressure product (RPP = systolic AP x heart rate). Vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist, losartan and hexamethonium were sequentially injected to evaluate the vasopressor systems. Inflammation and oxidative stress were evaluated in cardiac tissue. RESULTS: In addition to the reduction in AP, trained groups improved RPP, AP variability, bradycardic (OT: -1.3 ± 0.4 and OTH: -1.6 ± 0.3 vs. O: -0.6 ± 0.3 bpm/mmHg) and tachycardic responses of baroreflex sensitivity (OT: -2.4 ± 0.8 and OTH: -2.4 ± 0.8 vs. O: -1.3 ± 0.5 bpm/mmHg), NADPH oxidase and IL-10/TNF-α ratio. Hexamethonium injection revealed reduced sympathetic contribution on basal AP in OTH group (OTH: -49.8 ± 12.4 vs. O: -74.6 ± 18.1 mmHg). Furthermore, cardiac sympathovagal balance (LF/HF ratio), IL-10 and antioxidant enzymes were enhanced in OTH group. AP variability and baroreflex sensitivity were correlated with systolic AP, RPP, LF/HF ratio and inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters. CONCLUSION: The combination of HCTZ plus concurrent exercise training induced additional positive adaptations in cardiovascular autonomic control, inflammation and redox balance in ovariectomized SHR. Therefore, combining exercise and medication may represent a promising strategy for managing classic and remaining cardiovascular risks in AH.

Impacto do treinamento físico no perfil inflamatório e redox renal no desenvolvimento de síndrome metabólica / Impact of exercise training on inflammatory and redox renal profiles in metabolic syndrome development

Objetivo: Investigar o efeito do treinamento físico aeróbio (TF) no perfil inflamatório e de estresse oxidativo renal em modelo experimental de desenvolvimento de síndrome metabólica (SM). Métodos: Ratos Wistar e espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) distribuídos nos grupos: controle (C), hipertenso (H), hipertenso frutose (HF) e hipertenso frutose treinado (HFT). Os grupos HF e HFT foram submetidos à sobrecarga de frutose (10%, 60 dias) desde o desmame. O TF foi realizado em esteira por 60 dias (5dias/semana, 40-60% velocidade máxima do teste de esforço). Resultados: O TF promoveu redução de ânion superóxido, peróxido de hidrogênio e proteínas oxidadas comparado ao grupo HF. Além disso, o grupo HFT apresentou aumento de FRAP e nitritos comparado aos grupos H e HF. No perfil inflamatório, o TF proporcionou aumento de IL-10 e redução da razão TNFα/IL-10. Conclusão: Os resultados demostraram que o treinamento aeróbio atenuou o estresse oxidativo e favoreceu um perfil anti-inflamatório no tecido renal em um modelo de desenvolvimento de SM.

Objective: To investigate the effect of aerobic exercise training (ET) on renal inflammatory and oxidative stress profiles in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome (MS) development. Methods: Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats were distributed into control (C), hypertensive (H), hypertensive fructose (HF) and trained hypertensive fructose (THF) groups. The HF and THF groups were submitted to fructose overload (10%, 60 days) since weaning. The ET was performed on a treadmill for 60 days (5 days/week, 40-60% maximum speed of the exercise test). Results: The ET promoted reduction in renal superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and oxidized proteins compared to the HF group. In addition, the THF group showed an increase in FRAP and in nitrites compared to the H and HF groups. In the inflammatory profile, ET provided an increase in IL-10 and a reduction in TNFα/IL-10 ratio. Conclusion: The results showed that aerobic training attenuated oxidative stress and favored an anti-inflammatory profile in renal tissue in a model of MS development.

Effects of Exercise Intensity on Cardiometabolic Parameters of Ovariectomized Obese Mice.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of continuous-moderate vs. high-intensity interval aerobic training on cardiovascular and metabolic parameters in ovariectomized high-fat-fed mice. C57BL/6 female ovariectomized were divided into four groups (n=8): low-fat-fed sedentary (SLF); high-fat-fed sedentary (SHF); high-fat-fed moderate-intensity continuous trained (MICT-HF); and high-fat-fed high-intensity interval aerobic trained (HIIT-HF). The high-fat diet lasted 10 weeks. Ovariectomy was performed in the fourth week. The exercise training was carried out in the last four weeks of protocol. Fasting glycemia, oral glucose tolerance, arterial pressure, baroreflex sensitivity, and cardiovascular autonomic modulation were evaluated. Moderate-intensity continuous training prevented the increase in arterial pressure and promoted a reduction in HR at rest, associated with an improvement in the sympathovagal balance in MICT-HF vs. SHF. The high-intensity interval training reduced blood glucose and glucose intolerance in HIIT-HF vs. SHF and MICT-HF. In addition, it improved sympathovagal balance in HIIT-HF vs. SHF. Moderate-intensity continuous training was more effective in promoting cardiovascular benefits, while high-intensity interval training was more effective in promoting metabolic benefits.

Percepción de la calidad de vida en para-deportistas y no deportistas chilenos con lesión cerebral / Perception of quality of life in chilean para-athletes and non-athletes with brain injury

Cornejo, M. I., Henríquez, M., Herrera, F., Muñoz, F., Bernardes, N., Auricchio, J. R., y Castelli-Correia de Campos, L. F. (2022). Percepción de la calidad de vida en para- deportistas y no deportistas chilenos con lesión cerebral. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20 (2), 1-18. La calidad de vida (CV) y la actividad física son aspectos relevantes en la salud de la población, y esta última con un impacto positivo en las personas con discapacidad. Debido a esto, los objetivos de este estudio fueron comparar las características e identificar la asociación entre los dominios de la percepción de la CV entre un grupo de personas con lesión cerebral que practican fútbol, para-deportistas (PD) y personas con lesión cerebral no para-deportistas (NPD), además determinar si existen diferencias en la percepción de la CV según las diferentes clases deportivas (FT1, FT2 y FT3). El estudio se desarrolló en Chile, donde se aplicó el cuestionario WHOQOL-BREF para determinar la CV de los participantes. Los resultados identificaron una relación positiva y significativa entre los distintos dominios de la CV (p < .001, r = .44 - .67). Además, se observó una mejor percepción de la CV en los PD (p < .001, TE = 1.18, grande) en comparación con lo reportado por el grupo NPD. Por otro lado, no se obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre los dominios para las diferentes clases deportivas en el grupo PD. Estos datos refuerzan la idea de que la práctica deportiva influye en la participación social y en la percepción de la CV en PD con lesión cerebral. El desarrollo conjunto de los factores asociados entre la salud y el bienestar socioemocional podrían colaborar con la consolidación de la práctica deportiva y de actividad física, los cuales, a su vez son beneficiosos para las personas con discapacidad tal como lo plantean los objetivos del desarrollo sostenible en su agenda de trabajo provista al año 2030.

Cornejo, M. I., Henríquez, M., Herrera, F., Muñoz, F., Bernardes, N., Auricchio, J. R., y Castelli-Correia de Campos, L. F. (2022). Perception of quality of life in chilean para-athletes and non-athletes with brain injury. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20 (2), 1-16. Quality of life (QOL) and physical activity are relevant aspects in the health of the population, and the latter has a positive impact on people with disabilities. For this reason, the objectives of this study were to compare the characteristics and identify the association between the domains of QOL perception between a group of people with brain injury who practice soccer, para-athletes (PD) and non-para-athletes with brain injury (NPD), as well as to determine if there are differences in the perception of QOL according to the different sports classes (FT1, FT2 and FT3). The study was carried out in Chile, where the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was applied to determine the QOL of participants. The results identified a positive and significant relationship between the different domains of QOL (p < .001, r = .44 - .67). In addition, a better perception of QoL was observed in the PDs (p < .001, TE = 1.18, large) compared to that reported by the NPD group. On the other hand, no significant differences between domains were obtained for the different sport classes in the PD group. These data reinforce the idea that sport practice influences social participation and perception of QoL in PD with brain injury. The joint development of the factors associated between health and socioemotional well-being could collaborate in the consolidation of sports practice and physical activity, which, in turn, are beneficial for people with disabilities, as proposed by the Sustainable Development Goals in their work agenda foreseen for the year 2030.

Cornejo, M. I., Henríquez, M., Herrera, F., Muñoz, F., Bernardes, N., Auricchio, J. R., y Castelli-Correia de Campos, L. F. (2022). Percepção da qualidade de vida em paratletas e não-atletas chilenos com lesões cerebrais. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20 (2), 1-16. Qualidade de vida (QV) e atividade física são aspectos relevantes da saúde da população, tendo esta última um impacto positivo sobre as pessoas com deficiências. Portanto, os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar as características e identificar a associação entre os domínios da percepção de QV entre um grupo de pessoas com lesões cerebrais que praticam futebol, paratletas (P) e pessoas com lesões cerebrais não paratletas (NP), e determinar se existem diferenças na percepção de QV de acordo com as diferentes classes esportivas (FT1, FT2 e FT3). O estudo foi realizado no Chile, onde o questionário WHOQOL-BREF foi utilizado para determinar o QV dos participantes. Os resultados identificaram uma relação positiva e significativa entre os diferentes domínios da QV (p < 0,001, r = 0,44 - 0,67). Além disso, uma melhor percepção de QV foi observada nos Ps (p < 0,001, TE = 1,18, grande) em comparação com a relatada pelo grupo NP. Por outro lado, não foram obtidas diferenças significativas entre os domínios para as diferentes classes esportivas do grupo P. Estes dados reforçam a ideia de que a prática esportiva influencia a participação social e a percepção da QV nos P com lesão cerebral. O desenvolvimento conjunto de fatores associados à saúde e ao bem-estar socioemocional poderia contribuir para a consolidação da prática do esporte e da atividade física, que, por sua vez, são benéficos para as pessoas com deficiência, conforme estabelecido nas Metas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável em sua agenda para 2030.

Equações de força muscular respiratória de crianças e adolescentes / Respiratory muscle strength equations in children and adolescents / Ecuaciones de la fuerza de los músculos respiratorios en niños y adolescentes

Objetivo: Revisar as equações de predição para a força muscular respiratória em crianças e adolescentes e identificar as variáveis independentes com maior poder preditivo para força muscular respiratória. Métodos: Foi realizada revisão sistemática nas bases de dados: PEDro, MedLine/ PubMed, Cochrane Library, LILACS/ BVS Library, SciELO e Google Acadêmico. Foram incluídos artigos com crianças e adolescentes, publicados entre 2009 a 2019, nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, cujo método de avaliação utilizou-se da manovacuometria e equações preditivas foram propostas. Foram excluídos estudos que não estavam disponíveis na íntegra, duplicados ou com baixa qualidade metodológica (Escala PEDro <5,0 pontos). Resultados: Foram selecionados quatro artigos, que abordaram a avaliação da força muscular respiratória, sua comparação entre os sexos e a determinação de equações preditivas. Conclusão: As equações estabelecidas por Lanza et al. e Verma et al. são possíveis alternativas para a determinação da força muscular respiratória em crianças e adolescentes; e as variáveis, idade e sexo foram as que melhor explicaram os valores de força muscular respiratória. (AU)

Objective: To review the prediction equations for respiratory muscle strength in children and adolescents and identify the independent variables with greater predictive power for respiratory muscle strength. Methods: This is a systematic review that was carried out using the databases: PEDro, MedLine / PubMed, Cochrane Library, LILACS / BVS Library, SciELO and Google Scholar. There were included articles with children and adolescents, published between 2009 and 2019, in Portuguese, English and Spanish, whose assessment method used manovacuometry and predictive equations were proposed. Studies that were not available in full, duplicated or with low methodological quality (PEDro scale <5.0 points) were excluded. Results: Four articles were selected, which addressed the evaluation of the respiratory muscle strength, its comparison between the sexes and the determination of predictive equations. Conclusion: The equations established by Lanza et al. and Verma et al. are possible alternatives for determining respiratory muscle strength in children and adolescents; the variables, age and sex were the ones that best explained the respiratory muscle strength values. (AU)

Objetivo: Revisar las ecuaciones de predicción para la fuerza muscular respiratoria en niños y adolescentes e identificar lãs variables independientes con mayor poder predictivo para La fuerza muscular respiratoria. Métodos: Esta es una revisión sistemática que se realizó en las bases de datos: PEDro, MedLine / PubMed, Cochrane Library, LILACS / BVS Library, SciELO y Google Scholar. Se incluyeron artículos con niños y adolescentes, publicados entre 2009 y 2019, en portugués, inglés y español, cuyo método de evaluación utilizó manovacuometría y se propusieron ecuaciones predictivas. Se excluyeron los estudios que no estaban disponibles en su totalidad, duplicados o con baja calidad metodológica (escala PEDro <5.0 puntos). Resultados: Se seleccionaron cuatro artículos, que abordaron La evaluación de La fuerza muscular respiratoria, su comparación entre géneros y la determinación de ecuaciones predictivas. Conclusión: Las ecuaciones establecidas por Lanza et al. y Verma et al. son posibles alternativas para determinar La fuerza muscular respiratória em niños y adolescentes, brasileños y otras nacionalidades, respectivamente; las variables, edad y sexo fueronlas que mejor explicaron los valores de fuerza muscular respiratoria. (AU)

Aerobic or resistance training improves autonomic control of circulation in oophorectomized rats with cardiometabolic dysfunctions: Impact on renal oxidative stress.

Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction is associated with end organ damage and increased risk of mortality. Menopause and metabolic syndrome increase the risk for cardiorenal complications. In this study, we investigated the effects of aerobic or resistance exercise training on autonomic control of circulation and renal oxidative stress in a model of menopause and metabolic syndrome. Female Wistar rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were divided into 5 groups (n = 8): control (C), hypertensive (H), and sedentary (FHO), aerobic trained (FHOTa) and resistance trained (FHOTr) oophorectomized hypertensive treated with fructose (100 mg/mL drink water for 19 weeks). The FHO group presented increased vascular sympathetic modulation (LF-SBP), impaired baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) associated with increased blood pressure (BP) when compared to the H group. Aerobic exercise training enhanced tachycardic responses, while resistance training improved bradycardic responses to BP changes, thus ameliorating BRS. Moreover, despite unchanged BP, both exercise training protocols were effective in preventing increase in LF-SBP, reduction in systemic nitric oxide bioavailability (NOx), and increase in oxidative stress in the renal tissue, by decreasing lipid and protein oxidation in renal tissue. Positive correlation between LF-SBP and renal lipoperoxidation (r = 0.63, p < 0.05), as well as a negative correlation between NOx and renal lipoperoxidation (r = -0.66, p < 0.05) were observed. In conclusion, both aerobic and resistance exercise training were effective in improving autonomic control of circulation and reducing renal oxidative stress, thus attenuating the deleterious effects induced by arterial hypertension and fructose overload in female rats after ovarian hormone deprivation.

Correction: Impact of combined exercise training on the development of cardiometabolic and neuroimmune complications induced by fructose consumption in hypertensive rats.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233785.].

Impact of combined exercise training on the development of cardiometabolic and neuroimmune complications induced by fructose consumption in hypertensive rats.

This study evaluated the impact of combined exercise training on the development of cardiovascular and neuroimmune complications induced by fructose consumption (10% in the drinking water) in hypertensive rats (SHR). After weaning, SHR were divided into 3 groups: SHR (H), SHR+fructose (HF) and SHR+fructose+combined exercise training (treadmill+ladder, 40-60% of maximum capacity) (HFTC). Metabolic, hemodynamic, autonomic, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters were evaluated in the subgroups (n = 6 group/time) at 7, 15, 30 and 60 days of protocol. Fructose consumption (H vs. HF groups) decreased spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity and total variance of pulse interval at day 7 (7 to 60); increased IL-6 and TNFα in the heart (at day 15, 30 and 60) and NADPH oxidase activity and cardiac lipoperoxidation (LPO) (day 60); increased white adipose tissue weight, reduced insulin sensitivity and increased triglycerides (day 60); induced an additional increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) (days 30 and 60). Combined exercise training prevented such dysfunctions and sustained increased cardiac IL-10 (day 7) and glutathione redox balance (GSH/GSSG) for the entire protocol. In conclusion, combined exercise training performed simultaneously with exacerbated fructose consumption prevented early cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction, probably trigging positive changes in inflammation and oxidative stress, resulting in a better cardiometabolic profile in rats genetically predisposed to hypertension.

Exercise training initiated at old stage of lifespan attenuates aging-and ovariectomy-induced cardiac and renal oxidative stress: Role of baroreflex.

BACKGROUND: The association of aging and menopause is a potent risk factor for cardiometabolic disease. We studied the impact of aerobic exercise training (ET) initiated in the old stage of lifespan in hemodynamics, metabolic, autonomic and oxidative stress. METHODS: Aged (18 months old) female Wistar rats were divided into: ovariectomized and untrained (AG-OVX), and ovariectomized and trained (AG-OVXt, ET for 8 weeks). Intact aged (AG) and young female rats (3 months old; Y) were also studied. Blood pressure and metabolic parameters were measured. Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was studied by bradycardic (BR) and tachycardic (TR) responses to vasoactive drugs. Cardiac and renal lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and gluthatione peroxidase (GPx), and gluthatione redox balance (GSH/GSSG) were analyzed. RESULTS: AG-OVXt group increased aerobic performance in 35%, decreased adipose tissue and triglycerides in 36% and 27%, respectively, and improved insulin tolerance in 50% in comparison to AG-OVX. AG-OVX presented hypertensive levels of blood pressure (systolic: 155 ±â€¯5, diastolic: 111 ±â€¯3 mmHg). In contrast, AG-OVXt presented blood pressure values similar to Y rats (systolic: 129 ±â€¯3, diastolic: 112 ±â€¯3 mmHg). TR and BR were reduced by 70% and 46%, respectively, in AG-OVX vs. Y. Once more, AG-OVXt presented similar results to Y. ET decreased LPO in the heart and kidney. In the latter, renal CAT and SOD were corrected by ET, while cardiac redox balance was partially recovered. Improved BRS was correlated with improved oxidative stress markers. CONCLUSIONS: Even when initiated after aging and ovariectomy deleterious effects, ET is able to normalize BRS and highly improve cardiac and renal oxidative stress.

Sedentary lifestyle in adolescents is associated with impairment in autonomic cardiovascular modulation / Sedentarismo em adolescentes é associado ao comprometimento da modulação cardiovascular autonômica / Sedentarismo en adolescentes es asociado al compromiso de la modulación cardiovascular autonómica

ABSTRACT Introduction Regular physical exercise, or a more active lifestyle, are important to prevent cardiovascular diseases, reducing not only cardiovascular mortality but also promoting a reduction in the risk factors related to these diseases. Objective To assess the association between physical inactivity and heart rate variability (HRV) in adolescents. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of the Diagnostic Type with Level of Evidence II according to the Oxford table. One hundred and twenty-nine adolescents were evaluated, aged 15 and 17 years old, divided into four groups: male teenagers who were insufficiently active (IAM n = 28) or physically active (FAM n = 29), and female teenagers who were insufficiently active (IAF n = 42) or physically active (FAF n = 30). The level of physical activity was assessed by the IPAQ. The HRV was evaluated in the time and frequency domains. Results Reduced pulse interval variance was observed in the insufficiently active male or female groups (5089 ± 378 ms2 and 4335 ± 276 ms2 respectively) compared to the physically active groups (9106 ± 606 ms2 and 6182 ± 366 ms2 respectively). Moreover, the insufficiently active groups presented higher cardiac sympathetic/vagal balance values (0.81 ± 0.05 and 0.80 ± 0.05 respectively) compared to the physically active groups (0.63 ± 0.05 and 0.55 ± 0.05 respectively). Conclusion A physically active lifestyle was associated with better cardiovascular autonomic modulation in adolescents. Level of Evidence II; Diagnostic Studies - Investigating a Diagnostic Test.

RESUMO Introdução A prática regular de exercícios físicos ou o estilo de vida mais ativo são importantes na prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares, reduzindo não somente a mortalidade cardiovascular, mas também favorecendo a redução dos fatores de risco relacionados com essas doenças. Objetivo Avaliar a associação entre inatividade física e variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) em adolescentes. Métodos Este foi um estudo transversal do tipo Diagnóstico com Nível de Evidência II segundo a tabela de Oxford. Foram avaliados 129 adolescentes com idades entre 15 e 17 anos, divididos em quatro grupos: adolescentes insuficientemente ativos (IAM, n = 28) ou fisicamente ativos (FAM, n = 29) do sexo masculino e adolescentes, insuficientemente ativos (IAF, n = 42) ou fisicamente ativos do sexo feminino (FAF, n = 30). O nível de atividade física foi avaliado por meio do IPAQ. A VFC foi avaliada no domínio do tempo e da frequência. Resultados Nos adolescentes do sexo masculino e feminino, foram observados valores menores na variância do intervalo de pulso nos grupos insuficientemente ativos (5.089 ± 378 ms2 e 4.335 ± 276 ms2, respectivamente) quando comparados com os grupos fisicamente ativos (9.106 ± 606 ms2 e 6.182 ± 366 ms2, respectivamente). Além disso, os grupos insuficientemente ativos apresentaram maiores valores de balanço simpato-vagal cardíaco (0,81 ± 0,05 e 0,80 ± 0,05, respectivamente) comparados aos dos grupos fisicamente ativos (0,63 ± 0,05 e 0,55 ± 0,05, respectivamente). Conclusão A vida fisicamente ativa foi associada à melhor modulação cardiovascular autonômica em adolescentes. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos diagnósticos - Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico.

RESUMEN Introducción La práctica regular de ejercicios físicos o el estilo de vida más activo son importantes en la prevención de enfermedades cardiovasculares, reduciendo no sólo la mortalidad cardiovascular, sino también favoreciendo la reducción de los factores de riesgo relacionados con esas enfermedades. Objetivo Evaluar la asociación entre inactividad física y variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca (VFC) en adolescentes. Métodos Este fue un estudio transversal del tipo Diagnóstico con Nivel de Evidencia II según la tabla de Oxford. Se evaluaron 129 adolescentes con edades entre 15 y 17 años, divididos en cuatro grupos: adolescentes insuficientemente activos (IAM, n=28) o físicamente activos (FAM, n=29) del sexo masculino y adolescentes insuficientemente activos (IAF, n=42) o físicamente activos del sexo femenino (FAF, n=30). El nivel de actividad física fue evaluado a través del IPAQ. La VFC fue evaluada en el dominio del tiempo y de la frecuencia. Resultados Los adolescentes del sexo masculino y femenino insuficientemente activos presentaron valores menores en la varianza del intervalo de pulso (5.089 ± 378; y 4.335 ± 276 ms2, respectivamente) cuando se compararon con los grupos físicamente activos (9.106 ± 606 y 6.182 ± 366 ms2, respectivamente). Además, los grupos insuficientemente activos presentaron mayores valores del balance simpático-vagal cardíaco (0,81 ± 0,05 y 0,80 ± 0,05, respectivamente) comparados a los grupos físicamente activos (0,63 ± 0,05 y 0,55 ± 0,05, respectivamente). Conclusión La vida físicamente activa fue asociada a la mejor modulación cardiovascular autonómica en adolescentes. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios de diagnósticos - Investigación de un examen para diagnóstico.

Impaired baroreflex sensitivity and increased systolic blood pressure variability in chronic post-ischemic stroke.

OBJECTIVES: Acute post-stroke patients present cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction, which manifests as lower heart rate variability and impaired baroreflex sensitivity. However, few studies performed to date have evaluated cardiovascular autonomic function in chronic post-stroke patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiovascular autonomic modulation in chronic post-ischemic stroke patients. METHODS: The seventeen enrolled subjects were divided into a stroke group (SG, n=10, 5±1 years after stroke) and a control group (CG, n=7). Non-invasive curves for blood pressure were continuously recorded (Finometer®) for 15 minutes while the subject was in a supine position. Heart rate variability and blood pressure variability were analyzed in the time and frequency domains. RESULTS: No differences were observed in systolic and diastolic pressure and heart rate between post-stroke patients and healthy individuals. The SG group had lower indexes for heart rate variability in the time domain (standard deviation of normal to normal R-R intervals, SDNN; variance of normal to normal R-R intervals, VarNN; and root mean square differences of successive R-R intervals, RMSSD) and a lower high-frequency band for heart rate variability than was observed in the CG. Systolic blood pressure variability and the low-frequency band for systolic pressure were higher in post-stroke patients, while the alpha index was lower in the SG than in the CG. CONCLUSION: After ischemic stroke, affected patients present chronically reduced heart rate variability, impaired cardiac vagal modulation, increased systolic blood pressure variability and higher sympathetic vascular modulation along with impaired baroreflex sensitivity, which can increase the risk of cardiovascular events, despite adequate blood pressure control.

Baroreflex Impairment Precedes Cardiometabolic Dysfunction in an Experimental Model of Metabolic Syndrome: Role of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress.

This study analyzes whether autonomic dysfunction precedes cardiometabolic alterations in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with fructose overload. Animals were randomly distributed into three groups: control, hypertensive and hypertensive with fructose overload. Fructose overload (100 g/L) was initiated at 30 days old, and the animals (n = 6/group/time) were evaluated after 7, 15, 30 and 60 days of fructose consumption. Fructose consumption reduced baroreflex sensitivity by day 7, and still induced a progressive reduction in baroreflex sensitivity over the time. Fructose consumption also increased TNFα and IL-6 levels in the adipose tissue and IL-1ß levels in the spleen at days 15 and 30. Fructose consumption also reduced plasmatic nitrites (day 15 and 30) and superoxide dismutase activity (day 15 and 60), but increased hydrogen peroxide (day 30 and 60), lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation (day 60). Fructose consumption increased arterial pressure at day 30 (8%) and 60 (11%). Fructose consumption also induced a late insulin resistance at day 60, but did not affect glucose levels. In conclusion, the results show that baroreflex sensitivity impairment precedes inflammatory and oxidative stress disorders, probably by inducing hemodynamic and metabolic dysfunctions observed in metabolic syndrome.

Hypertension induces additional cardiometabolic impairments and attenuates aerobic exercise training adaptations in fructose-fed ovariectomized rats.

We tested whether hypertension favors the development of additional cardiometabolic changes in fructose-fed ovariectomized rats and how it affects aerobic exercise training (ET) effects. All rats received fructose in drinking water (10%) beginning at weaning, were ovariectomized at 10 weeks of age and divided into the normotensive sedentary (NFOS) and trained (NFOT) and hypertensive sedentary (HFOS) and trained (HFOT) groups. ET was performed on a treadmill. Arterial pressure (AP) was directly recorded; heart rate and AP variabilities were analyzed. Lipoperoxidation (LPO) and antioxidant enzyme levels were measured in the left ventricle. In addition to increased AP levels, when compared with the NFOS group, the hypertensive groups had resting tachycardia, a reduction of 29% in the pulse interval variance (VAR-PI), 19% in RMSSD (root mean square of successive differences, a cardiac parasympathetic index) and 53% in the α-index (spontaneous baroreflex), while the systolic AP variance (VAR-SAP) and its low-frequency band (LF-SAP) were sharply increased. ET did not alter AP levels. Even in the presence of hypertension, ET induced resting bradycardia, decreases of 33% in VAR-SAP and 49% in LF-SAP, and an increase of more than 60% in VAR-PI and the α-index. However, some of these parameters were still impaired relative to those of normotensive rats. LPO was reduced and catalase was increased in both trained groups, with no difference between the normotensive and hypertensive groups. Negative correlations were obtained between LPO and RMSSD (r=-0.60, P<0.05) and α-index (r=-0.63, P<0.05). In conclusion, hypertension augmented the dysfunctions in fructose-fed ovariectomized rats and attenuated metabolic aerobic ET benefits. These changes may be related to cardiovascular autonomic and oxidative stress alterations.

Impaired baroreflex sensitivity and increased systolic blood pressure variability in chronic post-ischemic stroke

OBJECTIVES: Acute post-stroke patients present cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction, which manifests as lower heart rate variability and impaired baroreflex sensitivity. However, few studies performed to date have evaluated cardiovascular autonomic function in chronic post-stroke patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiovascular autonomic modulation in chronic post-ischemic stroke patients. METHODS: The seventeen enrolled subjects were divided into a stroke group (SG, n=10, 5±1 years after stroke) and a control group (CG, n=7). Non-invasive curves for blood pressure were continuously recorded (Finometer®) for 15 minutes while the subject was in a supine position. Heart rate variability and blood pressure variability were analyzed in the time and frequency domains. RESULTS: No differences were observed in systolic and diastolic pressure and heart rate between post-stroke patients and healthy individuals. The SG group had lower indexes for heart rate variability in the time domain (standard deviation of normal to normal R-R intervals, SDNN; variance of normal to normal R-R intervals, VarNN; and root mean square differences of successive R-R intervals, RMSSD) and a lower high-frequency band for heart rate variability than was observed in the CG. Systolic blood pressure variability and the low-frequency band for systolic pressure were higher in post-stroke patients, while the alpha index was lower in the SG than in the CG. CONCLUSION: After ischemic stroke, affected patients present chronically reduced heart rate variability, impaired cardiac vagal modulation, increased systolic blood pressure variability and higher sympathetic vascular modulation along with impaired baroreflex sensitivity, which can increase the risk of cardiovascular events, despite adequate blood pressure control.

Uma sessão de exercício resistido dinâmico não induz hipotensão pós-exercício em ratas shr / A dynamic resistance exercise session does not induce post-exercise hypotension in female shr rats / Una sesión de ejercicio resistido dinámico no induce hipotensión post-ejercicio en ratas shr hembras

RESUMO Introdução: O exercício resistido dinâmico tem sido recomendado como complemento do aeróbico em indivíduos hipertensos. No entanto, poucos estudos avaliaram os efeitos do exercício resistido nessa população, principalmente em mulheres. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de uma sessão de exercício resistido dinâmico sobre a pressão arterial, a frequência cardíaca e sobre o duplo produto em ratas SHR com hipertensão espontânea. Métodos: Foram utilizadas oito ratas SHR em fase não ovulatória do ciclo estral. Dois dias depois da canulação de artéria carótida, a pressão arterial foi diretamente registrada por 20 minutos no período basal e durante 60 minutos (5 min., 15-30 min., 30-45 min. e 45-60min.) após uma sessão de exercício resistido dinâmico em escada (20%-40% da carga máxima). Resultados: Não foram observadas mudanças na pressão arterial sistólica (basal 191 ± 6,1 vs. recuperação 45-60 min. 191 ± 7,8 mmHg), diastólica (basal 157 ± 2,6 vs. recuperação 45-60 min. 156 ± 3,7 mmHg) e média (basal 174 ± 2,5 vs. recuperação 45-60 min. 173 ± 4,9 mmHg) durante os 60 minutos pós-exercício. No entanto, houve redução da frequência cardíaca (45-60 min. 330 ± 10 vs. 379 ± 15 bpm) e normalização do duplo produto (64390 ± 3529 mmHg.bpm) no período de recuperação com relação ao período basal. Conclusão: Os resultados do presente estudo demonstram que o exercício resistido dinâmico de moderada intensidade induz redução da frequência cardíaca associada à normalização do duplo produto em ratas SHR apesar de não ter sido observada hipotensão pós-exercício. Tais resultados sugerem um bom controle do risco cardiovascular depois uma sessão de exercício resistido dinâmico de moderada intensidade em pacientes hipertensos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Dynamic resistance exercise has been recommended as an aerobic complement in hypertensive individuals. However, few studies evaluated the effects of resistance exercise in this population, especially in women. Objective: To evaluate the effects of a session of dynamic resistance exercise on blood pressure, heart rate and the double product in SHR female rats with spontaneous hypertension. Methods: We used 8 female SHR rats in the non-ovulatory phases of estrous cycle. Two days after the carotid artery cannulation, blood pressure was recorded for 20 minutes at baseline and for 60 minutes (5 min.; 15-30 min.; 30-45 min. and 45-60min.) after one session of dynamic resistance exercise in a ladder (20-40% of maximum load). Results: There were no changes in systolic blood pressure (baseline: 191±6.1 vs. recovery 45-60min., 191±7.8 mmHg), diastolic (baseline: 157±2.6 vs. recovery 45-60min., 156±3.7 mmHg) and mean blood pressure (baseline: 174±2.5 vs. recovery 45-60min., 173±4.9 mmHg) during the 60 minutes post-exercise. However, there was a reduction in heart rate (45-60min. 330±10 vs. 379±15 bpm) and normalization of the double product (64390±3529 mmHg.bpm) in the recovery period compared to the baseline. Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrated that moderate-intensity dynamic resistance exercise induces reduced heart rate associated with normalization of the double product in female SHR rats, despite the absence of post-exercise hypotension. These results suggest good control of cardiovascular risk after a dynamic resistance exercise of moderate intensity in hypertensive patients.

RESUMEN Introducción: El ejercicio resistido dinámico ha sido recomendado como complemento del aeróbico en individuos hipertensos. Sin embargo, pocos estudios han evaluado los efectos del ejercicio resistido en esa población, principalmente en mujeres. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de una sesión de ejercicio resistido dinámico sobre la presión arterial, la frecuencia cardiaca y sobre el doble producto en ratas SHR hembras con hipertensión espontánea. Métodos: Se utilizaron ocho ratas SHR hembras en fase no ovulatoria del ciclo estral. Dos días después de la canulación de la arteria carótida, la presión arterial fue registrada directamente durante 20 minutos en el período basal y durante 60 minutos (5 min., 15-30 min., 30-45 min. y 45-60 min.) después de una sesión de ejercicio resistido dinámico en escalera (20%-40% de la carga máxima). Resultados: No se observaron cambios en la presión arterial sistólica (basal 191 ± 6,1 vs. recuperación 45-60 min, 191 ± 7,8 mmHg), diastólica (basal 157 ± 2,6 vs. recuperación 45-60 min., 156 ± 3,7 mmHg) y media (basal 174 ±2 ,5 vs. recuperación 45-60 min, 173 ± 4,9 mmHg) durante los 60 minutos posteriores al ejercicio. Sin embargo, hubo reducción de la frecuencia cardiaca (45-60 min. 330 ± 10 vs. 379 ± 15 bpm) y normalización del doble producto (64390 ± 3529 mmHg.bpm) en el período de recuperación con relación al período basal. Conclusión: Los resultados del presente estudio demuestran que el ejercicio resistido dinámico de intensidad moderada induce reducción de la frecuencia cardiaca asociada a la normalización del doble producto en ratas SHR hembras, a pesar de no haber sido observada hipotensión post-ejercicio. Estos resultados indican un buen control del riesgo cardiovascular después de una sesión de ejercicio resistido dinámico de intensidad moderada en pacientes hipertensos.

Excessive consumption of fructose causes cardiometabolic dysfunctions through oxidative stress and inflammation.

A rapid rise in obesity, as well as physical inactivity, in industrialized countries is associated with fructose-consumption-mediated metabolic syndrome having a strong association with cardiovascular disease. Although insulin resistance is thought to be at the core, visceral obesity, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridemia are also considered important components of this metabolic disorder. In addition, various other abnormalities such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and elevated levels of uric acid are also part of this syndrome. Lifestyle changes through improved physical activity, as well as nutrition, are important approaches to minimize metabolic syndrome and its deleterious effects.